The story · by Matt Robinson
Opened in 1881, the Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde was Berlin’s first non-denominational municipal graveyard – a pauper’s cemetery that would later become the final resting place for many of Germany’s prominent Socialists, Communists and anti-Fascist fighters.
Located in the eastern district of Lichtenberg, the cemetery can be found just beyond Karl-Marx-Allee, the one-time showcase street of East Germany, and only a few blocks from the former headquarters of the East German state security police (the infamous Stasi).
When the co-founder of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), Wilhelm Liebknecht, was laid to rest here in 1900 in a show of working class solidarity, the funeral procession numbered some 150,000 people and stretched through the heart of Berlin. Liebknecht was a close personal friend of Karl Marx and had overseen the growth of the SPD from an outlawed group of revolutionary firebrands to the largest political party in Germany.
Liebknecht’s son, Karl, co-founder of the German Communist Party, was buried here in 1919, following his death at the hands of right-wing paramilitaries – completing a macabre family tradition and providing the beginnings of a Socialist-Communist rite of passage.
The cemetery still serves as a symbolic rallying point for Red Berliners, with an annual mass gathering in January to commemorate the dead and their ideas.
The Revolution Monument
Back in 1926, architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe unveiled a ‘Monument to the Revolution’ here, dedicated to the Communists who had died in the revolutionary fighting that followed the end of WWI.
The Spartacist casualties of the so-called January Uprising were initially expected to be buried in the Friedhof der Märzgefallenen alongside the people who had died in the revolution of March 1848. However, this honour was denied them by the Berlin authorities.
Many found their final resting place instead here, alongside Wilhelm Liebknecht, to be joined over the years by an increasing number of comrades.
The Memorial to the Socialists
Mies van der Rohe’s monument was destroyed in 1935 by the Nazis before finally being replaced by the present memorial, the ‘Memorial to the Socialists’, in 1951. The main feature being a central obelisk, bearing the words “Die Toten mahnen uns” (The dead remind us), surrounded by a semi-circular wall containing gravestones bearing the names of old Communists and East German Politburo members.
A set of large tablets also records the names of 327 men and women who gave their lives fighting Fascism between 1933 and 1945 – including members of the Red Orchestra resistance group.
Who lies here
Ten graves and memorial stones directly surround the central obelisk – bearing the most prominent figures – Karl Liebknecht & Rosa Luxemburg (founders of the Communist Party), Communist Party leader Ernst Thälmann (a memorial not a grave), Walter Ulbricht (leader of East Germany), Otto Grotewohl (East German Prime Minister), Wilhelm Pieck (East German President), Franz Mehring (Spartacist Leader), John Schehr (Communist Leader), Rudolf Breitscheid (SPD Politician), and Franz Künstler (SPD Politician).
In the expanse of the cemetery beyond the main Socialist memorial, you will find the graves of other notable left-wing figures – including the artist and sculptor Käthe Kollwitz. East German film director Konrad Wolf is here along with his brother Markus, the head of East Germany’s foreign intelligence service.
Ernst Wollweber, head of the Stasi from 1953-57, is easy to find. Much easier than his successor, Erich Mielke, who is buried in an unmarked grave.
Although you may find treasure hunters sometimes wandering the cemetery, it is said that Mielke’s final resting place is not far from the memorial added to the cemetery for the victims of Stalinism – a fitting location if there ever were one.
Also look out for the family gravestone of the famous Prussian banker, Gerson von Bleichröder, who died in 1893. Financial advisor to both Otto von Bismarck and the Prussian state, Bleichröder was only the second unbaptised Jew in Prussia to be ennobled, receiving the title Von. His family’s plot here, a mausoleum built in 1913 and torn down in 1950, dates back to before the time the area was used as a Socialist Cemetery; Gerson himself was buried in the Jewish cemetery on Schönhauser Allee, as Jews were forbidden from being buried alongside Christians in church cemeteries elsewhere. Despite his ennoblement, Von Bleichröder’s Jewishness would follow him to the grave.
Finding your way
Visiting the Socialists Cemetery in Friedrichsfelde is relatively straightforward when using the underground, you can easily take the U5 from Alexanderplatz to Magdalenenstrasse, near the former headquarters of the East German state security police, and walk a short distance.
Alternatively the S5, S7 and S75 all arrive at the S-Bahn station Friedrichsfelde East. From there it is possible to follow Rhinstrasse through a small garden plot and enter the cemetery.
The main circular memorial and forecourt of the Socialist Cemetery is on the east side of the area, with the rows of individual graves to the north and west. Including those of around 900 concentration camp victims.
